B. his life
Nurhaci was born in 1558. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe. According to Chinese sources, the young man grew up as a soldier in the household of Li Chengliang in Fushun, where he learned Chinese. He named his clan Aisin Gioro around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as Khan of Later Jin.
His father and grandfather were killed in an attack on Gure by a rival Jurchen chieftain Nikan Wailan. The following year, Nurhaci began to unify the Jurchen bands; when he was 25, he beheaded Nikan Wailan at Tulin to avenge the deaths of his father and grandfather, who are said to have left him nothing but thirteen suits of armor.
In 1593, the nine allied tribes attacked Nurhaci but all were completely defeated by Nuhaci at the Battle of Gure.
Through many years’ war, in 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin Dynasty, often called the Later Jin. He constructed a palace at Mukden (present-day Shenyang) in Liaoning province. Jin was renamed Qing by his son Hong Taiji after his death, thus Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing Dynasty.
He finally unify the Ula (clan of his consort Abahai, mentioned below) and the Yehe (clan of his consort Monggo, along with the last empress dowager Cixi, and many more consorts of Qing Emperors in between).In 1618, he declared to rebel against the Ming Dynasty.
In 1626 Nurhaci suffered the first serious military defeat of his life at the hands of the Ming general Yuan Chonghuan. Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan's Portuguese cannon (紅衣大炮) in the Battle of Ningyuan. Unable to recover either physically or morally, he died 2 days later at a little town called De-A Man (靉福陵隆恩門) on September 30, at the age of 68. His tomb is located in the east of Shenyang.
C. the founder of eight banners
Among the most lasting contributions that Nurhaci left his descendants was establishing the so-called Eight Banners, which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing empire.
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