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本文由英国记者德比·加德纳·麦卡洛于8月3日为《金融时报》所撰写，译者仍然是专家章晴，欢迎参与。8月10日左右启动本文。训练大脑，以实现领导力水平的提升，可能代表着人类状况中一个相当积极的进展，这就是脑电波训练领导力。难度等级：
初级 
中级 
较难 
高级 本文为C级 （参照系 E.L.L）
经过留言分析，翻译比较贴近专家译的有：Michaelia2009 danielchu1026 tinazjt（截至前两段）
A brainwave in the study of leadership By Debbi Gardiner McCullough
1.What makes a good leader? Which attri- butes guarantee a chief executive's ability to be sensitive, compassionate and still lead through tough or stressful times? And if these skills could be honed in the minds of MBA students, corporate managers or military officers, is this something that should be pursued? Such questions have long been pondered by Pierre Balthazard, an associate professor at the Carey School of Business at Arizona State University. Now, after a decade of work, not only has his research taken off but he has found a captive audience.
成为一位优秀的领导者需要具备哪些条件？哪些素质能够确保一位首席执行官在敏感且富于同情心的同时，仍然能够领导企业克服压力或度过难关？如果我们能够培养MBA学员、公司管理人员和军官获得这些技能，这是否应该是我们追求的目标？亚利桑那州立大学凯瑞商学院副教授皮埃尔·巴瑟扎德对上述问题进行了长时间的思考。如今，经过10年的工作，不仅他的研究渐臻佳境，还吸引了一批为之着迷的听众。
2.Modern science has looked at the sources of electricity in the brain and how this is used. Professors of psychology have expanded on this research. But Prof Balthazard has teamed brain mapping with leadership development.
现代科学对脑电波的来源及其用途进行过研究。心理学教授们阐述这方面的研究结果。而巴瑟扎德教授则把脑电图与培养领导力结合在了一起。
3.Leadership research has focused on finding which skills inspire individuals and groups to function most efficiently. But recently, researchers have explored more complex issues: how to develop traits such as authenticity, charisma and visionary and inspirational leadership in less talented leaders. With business schools now rethinking their approaches, many are incorporating leadership, ethics and responsibility as core topics along with the traditional subjects such as economics and finance.
迄今为止，针对领导力的研究一直把重点放在以下问题上：哪些技能可以激发个人和集体最富成效地开展工作。但近来，研究人员已开始探究一些更为复杂的问题：如何令那些天资不足的领导人获得值得信赖和魅力等品质，同时培养他们富于远见且鼓舞人心的领导力。目前，商学院正在重新思考其教学方式，其中不少已经把领导力、道德规范和责任感列为核心课题，与经济、金融学等传统科目并驾齐驱。
4.“Neuroscience offers a powerful yet different microscope for the human dimension of business,” says Prof Balthazard. “It helps us understand what makes humans do what they do.”
巴瑟扎德教授表示：“神经学为从个体层面观察商业运作提供了一部强大而独特的显微镜。”“它有助于我们理解人类行为的成因。”
5.His work suggests that the behavioural and emotional qualities of leadership can be traced to neurological activity in identified regions of the brain. He is working on linkingthis activity with the qualities that best benefit those at the top of a company to create training techniques that develop effective leadership abilities.
巴瑟扎德教授对神经学家杰弗里·范宁的研究颇感兴趣。后者同时也是一位心理学家，在亚利桑那州立大学附近的诊所“认知增强中心”担任执行董事。通过扫描病人的大脑，范宁发现了失调行为的典型图谱。通过将练习与扫描相结合，范宁能够帮助患者训练头脑，改变其行为。
6.Prof Balthazard was drawn to the work of neuroscientist Jeffrey Fannin, a psychologist and executive director of the Center for Cognitive Enhancement, a clinic near ASU's campus. Dr Fannin scanned patients' brains and found that signature patterns existed for dysfunctional behaviours. Through exercises and scanning, he was able to help patients train their brains to change their behaviour.
巴瑟扎德教授对神经学家杰弗里·范宁的研究颇感兴趣。后者同时也是一位心理学家，在亚利桑那州立大学附近的诊所“认知增强中心”担任执行董事。通过扫描病人的大脑，范宁发现了失调行为的典型图谱。通过将练习与扫描相结合，范宁能够帮助患者训练头脑，改变其行为。
7.The two men collected data from 55 business and community leaders with a variety of leadership skills, including entrepreneurs, bankers, lawyers, doctors, a land developer, a retired business school dean, a senior diplomat and a mountaineer. Prof Balthazard measured the electrical activity of their brains and demonstrated what he is believes is 100 per cent accuracy in determining who is a strong leader. He has also discovered that leaders with high “psychological capital” (hope, optimism, resilience) display different brain activity.
巴瑟扎德与范宁收集了拥有不同领导技能的55位商界领袖和社会活动家的数据，其中包括企业家、银行家、律师、医生、一名房地产开发商、一位退休的商学院院长、一位高级外交官和一名登山运动员。通过测量他们的脑电波活动，巴瑟扎德教授证明（他认为准确率是百分之百）可以确定谁是强大的领导人。他还发现，“心理资本”（信心、乐观和韧性）丰富的领导人，呈现出的大脑活动与众不同。
8.He says that now the role that different brain areas contribute to leadership is better understood, neuro-feedback training can develop the behaviour individuals want to optimise. Using pictures and sound on a computer, they are taught how to control their brainwaves by consciously managing systems of neurons. After several sessions a new brain map is completed to assess the changes.
他表示，鉴于目前我们对于大脑不同区域对领导力的作用有了更好的理解，我们可以通过神经反馈培训，发展个体希望优化的行为。巴瑟扎德教授利用电脑图像与声音，训练实验对象如何有意识地管理神经元系统，进而控制自己的脑电波。在几堂训练课之后，通过绘制新的脑电图，对变化进行评估。
9.Prof Balthazard believes this data can help organisations assess traits such as vision, a global mindset, charisma and resilience. It can also identify whether clinical problems such as depression or anxiety interfere with performance.
巴瑟扎德教授认为，这些数据有助于机构评估诸如远见、全球思维、魅力和韧性等特征。通过这些数据，还可以确定抑郁或焦虑等临床问题是否影响了个体的表现。
10.Prof Balthazard is already finding business applications for the methodology. With researchers at the US Military Academy at West Point he is developing a leadership norm and exercises that improve and develop the brain profile of a leader.
巴瑟扎德教授已经找到将上述方法运用于商界的机会。他正与美国军事学院（US Military Academy at West Point，即西点军校）的研究人员一起，开发一套领导力标准及训练方法，用以培养和改善领导者的大脑特征。
11.The Thunderbird School of Global Management in Arizona also plans to use the research to help determine what constitutes the neuroscience pattern of a global mindset. Mansour Javidan, dean of research and professor of global management at Thunderbird, has devised apsychometric tool that tests how managers think and handle issuesin unfamiliar settings.Students complete the survey before starting the programme and after graduating. Prof Javidan sees an advance of at least one point on a five-point scale in intellectual and social capital in most graduates.
位于亚利桑那州的雷鸟国际工商管理学院(Thunderbird School of Global Management)，也计划利用此项研究，帮助他们确定构成全球化思维的神经学特征。该学院研究项目主管、全球管理学教授曼苏尔?贾维丹(Mansour Javidan)设计了一种心理测量工具，用于考量管理者在陌生环境中思考和解决问题的方式。学员在课程开始前和毕业后两次完成问卷调查。贾维丹教授发现，按照衡量智力与社会资本的5分制标准，大多毕业生取得了至少1分的进步。
12.Other schools are following suit. Georgetown University's McDonough School of Business plans to use the survey, as does the Smith business school at the University of Maryland.
其它学校也纷纷效仿。乔治城大学麦克多诺商学院以及美国马里兰大学史密斯商学院都计划采用上述调查问卷。
13.But brain mapping has its detractors. Some sense shades of a post-1984 Orwellian world. Finding funding has also been difficult. Prof Balthazard estimates that the direct costs of developing the neuroscience of leadership could reach $500,000 (€355,000, £307,000).
但脑电图研究也遭到了一些批评。有人从中察觉到后《1984》版本的奥威尔式世界的阴影。寻找资金方面也一直困难重重。巴瑟扎德教授估计，研究领导力神经学的直接成本将达到50万美元。
14.But he believes in the benefits of the work. “Training the brain to new heights of leadership may represent a very positive development in the human condition,” he says.
但他相信这项工作的益处。他表示：“训练大脑，以实现领导力水平的提升，可能代表着人类状况中一个相当积极的进展。”
>>回顾：C级【外刊学习0806】保护消费者计划遭警告 http://sl.iciba.com/viewthread-95-617241-1.shtml
>>下期：I 级【外刊学习0814】老婆要取消性生活吗 http://sl.iciba.com/viewthread-95-619132-0.shtml
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最后由 老鼠100 于 2009-10-09 14:45:32编辑
