Yes, it’s embarrassing. Yes, you may look silly. But talking to yourself is perhaps the best way to pound something into your brain. As you go through the steps of studying a question, you should talk them out. When you verbalize something, it’s much 【详细】
After grading your test, you should have a list of the questions you answered incorrectly or skipped. Studying your test involves going down this list and examining each question you answered incorrectly. Make sure not just to learn the right answer but a 【详细】
You know how to have fun. Go do that for a while. Then come back when you’re refreshed. 【详细】
After you take your practice test, you’ll no doubt want to score it and see how you did. But don’t just tally up your raw score. As a part of your scoring, you should keep a precise list of every question you got wrong and every question you skipped. 【详细】
Through Molly Bloom, we’ve shown you why studying practice tests is an extremely powerful strategy. Now we’re going to backtrack and show you exactly how to deploy that strategy. Controlling Your Environment Although a practice test is practice, and n 【详细】
Imagine an eleventh grader named Molly Bloom sits down at the desk in her room and takes an SAT II Physics practice test. She’s a very bright young woman and gets only one question wrong. Molly checks her answers and then jumps from her chair and does a 【详细】
Believe it or not, SAT II Physics has some redeeming qualities. One of them is reliability. The test doesn’t change much from year to year. While individual questions will never repeat from test to test, the topics that are covered and the way in which 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
The following list defines all of the bold-faced words you encountered as you read this book. 【详细】
1. D For an observer to see that the entire train is in the tunnel at one time, that observer must see that the train is only 80 m long. At relativistic speeds, the length of objects contracts in the direction of their motion according to the f 【详细】
1. A train at rest has a length of 100 m. At what speed must it approach a tunnel of length 80 m so that an observer at rest with respect to the tunnel will see that the entire train is in the tunnel at one time?(A)1.25c(B)0.8c(C)0.64c(D)0.6c(E)0.36c2. A 【详细】
Time DilationLength ContractionAddition of Relativistic VelocitiesRelativistic MassRelativistic Kinetic EnergyMass-Energy EquivalenceElectron-Volts Related to JoulesEnergy as a function of frequencyKinetic Energy of Liberated PhotoelectronRadius of Electr 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
The idea that matter is made up of infinitely small, absolutely simple, indivisible pieces is hardly new. The Greek thinkers Leucippus and Democritus suggested the idea a good 100 years before Aristotle declared it was nonsense. However, the idea has only 【详细】
Special relativity is the theory developed by Albert Einstein in 1905 to explain the observed fact that the speed of light is a constant regardless of the direction or velocity of one’s motion. Einstein laid down two simple postulates to explain this st 【详细】
Almost everything we’ve covered in the previous 15 chapters was known by the year 1900. Taken as a whole, these 15 chapters present a comprehensive view of physics. The principles we’ve examined, with a few elaborations, are remarkably accurate in the 【详细】
1. C Gamma rays have wavelengths shorter than m. Don’t confuse wavelength and frequency: gamma waves have a very high frequency, thus they have a short wavelength. 2. C Wavelength and frequency are related by the formula . In the c 【详细】
1. Which of the following has the shortest wavelength?(A)Red light(B)Blue light(C)Gamma rays(D)X rays(E)Radio waves2. Orange light has a wavelength of m. What is its frequency? The speed of light is m/s.(A) Hz(B) Hz(C) Hz(D) Hz(E) Hz3. When the orange l 【详细】
Frequency of an Electromagnetic WaveLaw of ReflectionIndex of RefractionSnell’s LawCritical AngleFocal Length for a Spherical Concave MirrorMirror and Lens EquationMagnificationMaxima for Single Slit DiffractionMinima for Single Slit Diffraction 【详细】
As you may know, one of the weird things about light is that some of its properties can be explained only by treating it as a wave, while others can be explained only by treating it as a particle. The classical physics that we have applied until now deals 【详细】
The reflection and refraction we’ve dealt with so far have focused only on light interacting with flat surfaces. Lenses and curved mirrors are optical instruments designed to focus light in predictable ways. While light striking a curved surface is more 【详细】
“Classical” optics refers to those facts about optics that were known before the adoption of the wave model of light in the nineteenth century. In Newton’s time, light was studied as if it had only particle properties—it moves in a straight line, 【详细】
Electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at the speed of light, m/s. As we’ll see in the next chapter, this is the fastest speed there is: anything faster resides at present only in the realm of theoretical speculation. Because the speed of EM wave 【详细】
Having studied wave phenomena generally, let’s take a look at the special case of electromagnetic waves. EM waves are transverse traveling waves produced by the oscillations of an electric field and a magnetic field. Because they are not transmitted by 【详细】
1. B Simple harmonic motion is defined as the oscillation of an object about an equilibrium position where the restoring force acting on the object is directly proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position. Though we often tre 【详细】
1. Which of the following exhibit simple harmonic motion? I. A pendulum II. A mass attached to a spring III. A ball bouncing up and down, in the absence of friction (A)I only(B)II only(C)III only (D)I and II only(E)I, II, and III2. If a wave has freq 【详细】
Frequency of Periodic OscillationSpeed of Waves on a StringWave SpeedWavelength for the Harmonic SeriesFrequency for the Harmonic SeriesBeat FrequencyDoppler Shift 【详细】
So far we have only discussed cases where the source of waves is at rest. Often, waves are emitted by a source that moves with respect to the medium that carries the waves, like when a speeding cop car blares its siren to alert onlookers to stand aside. T 【详细】
Suppose that two experimenters, holding opposite ends of a stretched string, each shake their end of the string, sending wave crests toward each other. What will happen in the middle of the string, where the two waves meet? Mathematically, you can calcula 【详细】
There are two major kinds of waves: transverse waves and longitudinal waves. The medium transmitting transverse waves oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. A good example is waves on water: the water oscillates up 【详细】
Because both masses suspended on a spring and waves at the beach exhibit periodic motion, we can use much of the same vocabulary and mathematical tools to describe both. However, there is a significant difference: waves are extended in space, while a mass 【详细】
Wave phenomena occur almost anywhere there is periodic motion. We have already encountered such periodic motion in the back-and-forth movement of pendulums and masses on a spring and with the cyclic orbits of objects in a gravitational field. The physics 【详细】
1. A The magnet moving downward creates a downward magnetic flux. Using the right-hand rule, we find that the current related to a downward flux flows clockwise. 2. C The induced emf, , from a bar of length l moving along rails at a 【详细】
1. A bar magnet is moving downward, south pole first, toward a loop of wire. Which of the following best describes the current induced in the wire?(A)Clockwise, as viewed from above(B)Counterclockwise, as viewed from above(C)The current alternates(D)There 【详细】
Motional EmfMagnetic FluxFaraday’s Law / Lenz’s LawEmf Induced in a Transformer 【详细】
Electromagnetic induction is important to humans because it is useful. SAT II Physics has been known to ask questions about real-world applications of electromagnetic induction. The two most common applications are the electric generator and the transform 【详细】
Moving a conductor through a magnetic field is just one way of inducing an electric current. A more common way of inducing current, which we will examine now, is by changing the magnetic flux through a circuit. Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux, , through 【详细】
Consider the bar in the figure below. It has length l and moves at speed v to the right in magnetic field B, which is directed into the page. The field exerts a magnetic force on the free electrons in the bar. That force is : using the right-hand rule, 【详细】
Charges moving in a magnetic fieldcreate an electric field, just as charges moving in an electric field create a magnetic field. This is called electromagnetic induction. Induction provides the basis of everyday technology like transformers on power lines 【详细】
1. The pointer on a compass is the north pole of a small magnet. If a compass were placed next to a bar magnet, as shown above, in what direction would the pointer point?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)2. A positively charged particle in a uniform magnetic field moves in 【详细】
Magnetic Force on a Moving ChargeMagnitude of the Magnetic Force on a Moving ChargeRadius of the Circle Described by a Charged Particle Moving Perpendicular to a Magnetic FieldMagnetic Force on a CurrentMagnetic Field Created by a Current 【详细】
So far we have discussed the effect a magnetic field has on a moving charge, but we have not discussed the reverse: the fact that a moving charge, or current, can generate a magnetic field. There’s no time like the present, so let’s get to it. The mag 【详细】
Since an electric current is just a bunch of moving charges, wires carrying current will be subject to a force when in a magnetic field. When dealing with a current in a wire, we obviously can’t use units of q and v. However, qv can equally be expressed 【详细】
The questions on magnetism that you’ll find on SAT II Physics will deal for the most part with the reciprocal relationship between magnetic fields and moving charges. Generally, these questions will expect you to predict the motion of a charge through a 【详细】
Like all other materials, permanent magnets are made up of atoms that have electrons orbiting a nucleus of protons and neutrons. In moving around the nucleus, these electrons create miniscule magnetic fields. In most materials, these tiny fields all point 【详细】
When we think “magnet,” we might envision those things we stick on our fridge door. It may be a bit confusing, then, to discover that magnetism is closely related to electricity. In fact, there is a single force—the electromagnetic force—that gove 【详细】
1. A Ohm’s Law tells us that current and voltage are directly proportional: doubling the voltage will also double the current. 2. D The power dissipated in a resistor is given by the formula P = V2/R. Since P and R are inversely pro 【详细】
The following choices refer to a circuit consisting of a resistor and a battery.(A)It is doubled(B)It is quadrupled(C)It is halved(D)It is quartered(E)It remains the same1. What happens to the current in the resistor when the voltage is doubled and the re 【详细】
Ohm’s LawResistancePower Dissipated in a ResistorHeat Dissipated in a ResistorEquivalent Resistance of Two Resistors in SeriesEquivalent Resistance of Two Resistors in ParallelStored Energy of a CapacitorEquivalent Capacitance of Two Capacitors in Serie 【详细】
Capacitors rarely come up on SAT II Physics, but they do sometimes make an appearance. Because capacitance is the most complicated thing you need to know about DC circuits, questions on capacitors will usually reward you simply for knowing what’s going 【详细】
因字数太多，内容在附件里 【详细】
As a charge carrier moves around a circuit and drops an amount of potential, V, in time t, it loses an amount of potential energy, qV. The power, or the rate at which it loses energy, is qV/t. Since the current, I, is equal to q/t, the power can be expres 【详细】
Some materials conduct current better than others. If we had a copper wire and a glass wire with the same length and cross section, and put the same potential difference across them, the current in the copper wire would be much larger than the current in 【详细】
When a wire is connected between the terminals of a battery, the potential difference in the battery creates an electric field in the wire. The electrons at the negative terminal move through the wire to the positive terminal. Although the electrons in 【详细】
The batteries we use in flashlights and clock radios operate on chemical energy. This chemical energy—which you may learn more about in chemistry class—separates charges, creating a potential difference. To separate charges and create a positive and n 【详细】
In the previous chapter, we looked atthe movement of charges, showing that a net charge creates an electric field with differences in electric potential energy at different points in the field. When two points in a field with a potential difference are co 【详细】
1. B Charge (either positive or negative) is brought to the woman by the Van de Graaf generator. This charge then migrates to the ends of her hair. The repulsive force between like charges makes the hair separate and stand on end. A violates Co 【详细】
1. When a long-haired woman puts her hands on a Van de Graaff generator—a large conducting sphere with charge being delivered to it by a conveyer belt—her hair stands on end. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?(A)Like charges attract(B)Li 【详细】
Coulomb’s LawThe Law of SuperpositionDefinition of the Electric FieldElectric Potential EnergyWork Done by an Electric FieldElectric Potential 【详细】
Idealized point charges and constant electric fields may be exciting, but, you may ask, what about the real world? Well, in some materials, such as copper, platinum, and most other metals, the electrons are only loosely bound to the nucleus and are quite 【详细】
Because the electric force can displace charged objects, it is capable of doing work. The presence of an electric field implies the potential for work to be done on a charged object. By studying the electric potential between two points in an electric fie 【详细】
An electric charge, q, can exert its force on other charged objects even though they are some distance away. Every charge has an electric field associated with it, which exerts an electric force over all charges within that field. We can represent an elec 【详细】
There is a certain force associated with electric charge, so when a net charge is produced, a net electric force is also produced. We find electric force at work in anything that runs on batteries or uses a plug, but that isn’t all. Almost all the force 【详细】
It is very difficult, if not impossible, to understand fully what electric charge, q, is. For SAT II Physics, you need only remember the old phrase: opposites attract. Protons carry a positive charge and electrons carry a negative charge, so you can just 【详细】
Democritus, a Greek philosopher of the 5th century B.C., was the first to propose that all things are made of indivisible particles called atoms. His hypothesis was only half right. The things we call atoms today are in fact made up of three different kin 【详细】
1. D The amount of heat lost by the hot water must equal the amount of heat gained by the cold water. Since all water has the same specific heat capacity, we can calculate the change in temperature of the cold water, , in terms of the change in 【详细】
1. 1 kg of cold water at 5ºC is added to a container of 5 kg of hot water at 65º C. What is the final temperature of the water when it arrives at thermal equilibrium?(A)10ºC(B)15ºC(C)35ºC(D)55ºC(E)60ºC2. Which of the following propert 【详细】
Conversion between Fahrenheit and CelsiusConversion between Celsius and KelvinRelationship between Heat and TemperatureCoefficient of Linear ExpansionCoefficient of Volume ExpansionIdeal Gas LawBoyle’s LawCharles’s LawFirst Law of ThermodynamicsEffici 【详细】
A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into work. Heat engines are important not only because they come up on SAT II Physics, but also because a large number of the machines we use—most notably our cars—employ heat engines. A heat engine operat 【详细】
Dynamics is the study of why things move the way they do. For instance, in the chapter on dynamics, we looked at Newton’s Laws to explain what compels bodies to accelerate, and how. The prefix thermo denotes heat, so thermodynamics is the study of what 【详细】
We said earlier that temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules in a material, but we didn’t elaborate on that remark. Because individual molecules are so small, and because there are so many molecules in most substances, it would b 【详细】
因字数太多,内容在附件里 【详细】
Thermal physics is essentially the study of heat, temperature, and heat transfer. As we shall see—particularly when we look at the Second Law of Thermodynamics—these concepts have a far broader range of application than you may at first imagine. All o 【详细】
1. B The equation for the centripetal acceleration is a = v2/r. That is, acceleration is inversely proportional to the radius of the circle. If the radius is doubled, then the acceleration is halved. 2. E From the formula a = v2/r, 【详细】
Questions 1–3 refer to a ball of mass m on a string of length R, swinging around in circular motion, with instantaneous velocity v and centripetal acceleration a. 1. What is the centripetal acceleration of the ball if the length of the string is doubled 【详细】
Centripetal AccelerationCentripetal ForceNewton’s Law of Universal GravitationAcceleration Due to Gravity at the Surface of a PlanetVelocity of a Satellite in OrbitGravitational Potential EnergyKinetic Energy of a Satellite in OrbitTotal Energy of a Sat 【详细】
After poring over the astronomical observations of his mentor Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) determined three laws of planetary motion. These laws are of great significance, because they formed the background to Newton’s thinki 【详细】
People rarely get to experience firsthand the phenomenon of weightlessness, but that doesn’t keep SAT II Physics from testing you on it. There is a popular misconception that astronauts in satellites experience weightlessness because they are beyond the 【详细】
In Chapter 4, we learned that the potential energy of a system is equal to the amount of work that must be done to arrange the system in that particular configuration. We also saw that gravitational potential energy depends on how high an object is off th 【详细】
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation is a fundamental physical law. We experience its effects everywhere on this planet, and it is the prime mover in the vast world of astronomy. It can also be expressed in a relatively simple mathematical formula on w 【详细】
Uniform circular motion occurs when a body moves in a circular path with constant speed. For example, say you swing a tethered ball overhead in a circle: If we leave aside gravity for the moment, the only force acting on the ball is the force of tension 【详细】
Newton’s first law tells us that objects will move in a straight line at a constant speed unless a net force is acting upon them. That rule would suggest that objects moving in a circle—whether they’re tetherballs or planets—are under the constant 【详细】
1. D An object that experiences 120 revolutions per minute experiences 2 revolutions per second; in other words, it rotates with a frequency of 2 Hz. We have formulas relating frequency to angular velocity and angular velocity to linear velocit 【详细】
1. The instantaneous velocity of a point on the outer edge of a disk with a diameter of 4 m that is rotating at 120 revolutions per minute is most nearly:(A)4 m/s(B)6 m/s(C)12 m/s(D)25 m/s(E)50 m/s2. A washing machine, starting from rest, accelerates with 【详细】
Angular PositionDefinition of a RadianAverage Angular VelocityAverage Angular AccelerationAngular FrequencyAngular PeriodRelations between Linear and Angular VariablesEquations for Rotational and Angular Kinematics with Constant AccelerationTorque As Trig 【详细】
The rotational analogue of linear momentum is angular momentum, L. After torque and equilibrium, angular momentum is the aspect of rotational motion most likely to be tested on SAT II Physics. For the test, you will probably have to deal only with the ang 【详细】
There is a certain amount of energy associated with the rotational motion of a body, so that a ball rolling down a hill does not accelerate in quite the same way as a block sliding down a frictionless slope. Fortunately, the formula for rotational kinetic 【详细】
Just as we have rotational counterparts for displacement, velocity, and acceleration, so do we have rotational counterparts for force, mass, and Newton’s Laws. As with angular kinematics, the key here is to recognize the striking similarity between rota 【详细】
You’ve encountered frequency and period when dealing with springs and simple harmonic motion, and you will encounter them again in the chapter on waves. These terms are also relevant to rotational motion, and SAT II Physics has been known to test the re 【详细】
You are now going to fall in love with the word angular. You’ll find that for every term in kinematics that you’re familiar with, there’s an “angular” counterpart: angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, etc. And you’ll f 【详细】
There are a few basic physical concepts that are fundamental to a proper understanding of rotational motion. With a steady grasp of these concepts, you should encounter no major difficulties in making the transition between the mechanics of translational 【详细】
Until this chapter, we have focused almost entirely on translational motion, the motion of bodies moving through space. But there is a second kind of motion, called rotational motion, which deals with the rotation of a body about its center of mass. The m 【详细】
1. B The athlete imparts a certain impulse to the luge over the 5-s period that is equal to . This impulse tells us the change in momentum for the luge. Since the luge starts from rest, this change in momentum gives us the total momentum of the 【详细】
1. An athlete of mass 70.0 kg applies a force of 500 N to a 30.0 kg luge, which is initially at rest, over a period of 5.00 s before jumping onto the luge. Assuming there is no friction between the luge and the track on which it runs, what is its velocity 【详细】
Linear MomentumImpulse of a Constant ForceConservation of Energy for an Elastic Collision of Two ParticlesConservation of Momentum for a Collision of Two ParticlesCenter of Mass for a System of n ParticlesAcceleration of the Center of MassMomentum of the 【详细】
When calculating trajectories and collisions, it’s convenient to treat extended bodies, such as boxes and balls, as point masses. That way, we don’t need to worry about the shape of an object, but can still take into account its mass and trajectory. T 【详细】
A collision occurs when two or more objects hit each other. When objects collide, each object feels a force for a short amount of time. This force imparts an impulse, or changes the momentum of each of the colliding objects. But if the system of particles 【详细】
If we combine Newton’s Third Law with what we know about impulse, we can derive the important and extremely useful law of conservation of momentum. Newton’s Third Law tells us that, to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A 【详细】
The above version of Newton’s Second Law can be rearranged to define the impulse, J, delivered by a constant force, F. Impulse is a vector quantity defined as the product of the force acting on a body and the time interval during which the force is exer 【详细】
Linear momentum is a vector quantity defined as the product of an object’s mass, m, and its velocity, v. Linear momentum is denoted by the letter p and is called “momentum” for short: Note that a body’s momentum is always in the same direction as 【详细】
The concept of linear momentum is closely tied to the concept of force—in fact, Newton first defined his Second Law not in terms of mass and acceleration, but in terms of momentum. Like energy, linear momentum is a conserved quantity in closed systems, 【详细】
1. A If the pulley system doesn’t move, then the net force on both masses is zero. For mass m, that means that the force of gravity, mg, pulling it downward, is equal to the force of tension in the rope, pulling it upward. If the force of tensi 【详细】
1. Two masses, m and M, are connected to a pulley system attached to a table, as in the diagram above. What is the minimum value for the coefficient of static friction between mass M and the table if the pulley system does not move?(A)m/M(B)M/m(C)g (m/M)( 【详细】
Hooke’s LawPeriod of Oscillation of a SpringFrequencyPotential Energy of a SpringVelocity of a Spring at the Equilibrium PositionPeriod of Oscillation of a PendulumVelocity of a Pendulum Bob at the Equilibrium Position 【详细】
A pendulum is defined as a mass, or bob, connected to a rod or rope, that experiences simple harmonic motion as it swings back and forth without friction. The equilibrium position of the pendulum is the position when the mass is hanging directly downward. 【详细】
Questions about springs on SAT II Physics are usually simple matters of a mass on a spring oscillating back and forth. However, spring motion is the most interesting of the four topics we will cover here because of its generality. The harmonic motion that 【详细】
What we call wedges or slides in everyday language are called inclined planes in physics-speak. From our experience on slides during recess in elementary school, sledding down hills in the winter, and skiing, we know that when people are placed on slipper 【详细】
Pulleys are simple machines that consist of a rope that slides around a disk, called a block. Their main function is to change the direction of the tension force in a rope. The pulley systems that appear on SAT II Physics almost always consist of idealize 【详细】
The systems we will look at in this chapter won’t test your knowledge of obscure formulas so much as your problem-solving abilities. The actual physics at work on these systems is generally quite simple—it rarely extends beyond Newton’s three laws a 【详细】
The “special problems” we will address in this chapter deal with four common mechanical systems: pulleys, inclined planes, springs, and pendulums. These systems pop up on many mechanics problems on SAT II Physics, and it will save you time and points 【详细】
1. C When the force is exerted in the direction of motion, work is simply the product of force and displacement. The work done is (10 N)(4.0 m) = 40 J. 2. D The work done on the box is the force exerted multiplied by the box’s displ 【详细】
1. How much work does a person do in pushing a box with a force of 10 N over a distance of 4.0 m in the direction of the force?(A)0.4 J(B)4.0 J(C)40 J(D)400 J(E)4000 J2. A person pushes a 10 kg box at a constant velocity over a distance of 4 m. The coeffi 【详细】
WorkWork Done by GravityKinetic EnergyWork-Energy TheoremPotential EnergyGravitational Potential EnergyMechanical EnergyAverage PowerInstantaneous Power 【详细】
Though energy is always measured in joules, and though it can always be defined as a capacity to do work, energy manifests itself in a variety of different forms. These various forms pop up all over SAT II Physics, and we will look at some additional form 【详细】
Energy is one of the central concepts of physics, and one of the most difficult to define. One of the reasons we have such a hard time defining it is because it appears in so many different forms. There is the kinetic and potential energy of kinematic mot 【详细】
When we are told that a person pushes on an object with a certain force, we only know how hard the person pushes: we don’t know what the pushing accomplishes. Work, W, a scalar quantity that measures the product of the force exerted on an object and the 【详细】
There are a number of technical terms inphysics that have a nontechnical equivalent in ordinary usage. An example we saw in the previous chapter is force. We can talk about force in conversation without meaning a push or a pull that changes the velocity o 【详细】
1. D According to Newton’s First Law, an object maintains a constant velocity if the net force acting on it is zero. Since the two forces in D cancel each other out, the net force on the particle is zero. 2. B Newton’s First Law tel 【详细】
1. Each of the figures below shows a particle moving with velocity v, and with one or two forces of magnitude F acting upon it. In which of the figures will v remain constant?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)2. In which of the following examples is a net force of zero acti 【详细】
Newton’s Second LawFormula for Force of Kinetic FrictionFormula for Force of Maximum Static Friction 【详细】
There are a number of forces that act in a wide variety of cases and have been given specific names. Some of these, like friction and the normal force, are so common that we’re hardly aware of them as distinctive forces. It’s important that you unders 【详细】
Dynamics problem solving in physics class usually involves difficult calculations that take into account a number of vectors on a free-body diagram. SAT II Physics won’t expect you to make any difficult calculations, and the test will usually include th 【详细】
Isaac Newton first published his three laws of motion in 1687 in his monumental Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. In these three simple laws, Newton sums up everything there is to know about dynamics. This achievement is just one of the many 【详细】
Whenever we lift something, push something, or otherwise manipulate an object, we are exerting a force. A force is defined very practically as a push or a pull—essentially it’s what makes things move. A force is a vector quantity, as it has both a mag 【详细】
Whereas kinematics is the study of objects in motion, dynamics is the study of the causes of motion. In other words, kinematics covers the “what” of motion, while dynamics covers the “how” and “why.” Forces are the lifeblood of dynamics: objec 【详细】
1. C Displacement is a vector quantity that measures the distance between the starting point and ending point, not taking the actual path traveled into account. At the end of four laps, the athlete will be back at the starting line for the trac 【详细】
1. An athlete runs four laps of a 400 m track. What is the athlete’s total displacement?(A)–1600 m(B)–400 m(C)0 m(D)400 m(E)1600 m2. Which of the following statements contains a reference to displacement? I. “The town is a five mile drive along th 【详细】
Average Speed average speed = Average Velocity average velocity = Average Acceleration average acceleration = One-Dimensional Motion with Uniform Acceleration (a.k.a. “The Five Kinematic Equations”)Velocity of Two-Dimensional Projectiles 【详细】
If you’ve got the hang of 1-D motion, you should have no trouble at all with 2-D motion. The motion of any object moving in two dimensions can be broken into x- and y-components. Then it’s just a matter of solving two separate 1-D kinematic equations. 【详细】
Many introductory physics problems can be simplified to the special case of uniform motion in one dimension with constant acceleration. That is, most problems will involve objects moving in a straight line whose acceleration doesn’t change over time. Fo 【详细】
Since you are not allowed to use calculators, SAT II Physics places a heavy emphasis on qualitative problems. A common way of testing kinematics qualitatively is to present you with a graph plotting position vs. time, velocity vs. time, or acceleration vs 【详细】
Along with displacement, velocity and acceleration round out the holy trinity of kinematics. As you’ll see, all three are closely related to one another, and together they offer a pretty complete understanding of motion. Speed, like distance, is a scala 【详细】
Displacement is a vector quantity, commonly denoted by the vector s, that reflects an object’s change in spatial position. The displacement of an object that moves from point A to point B is a vector whose tail is at A and whose tip is at B. Displacemen 【详细】
Kinematics derives its name from the Greek word for “motion,” kinema. Before we can make any headway in physics, we have to be able to describe how bodies move. Kinematics provides us with the language and the mathematical tools to describe motion, wh 【详细】
1. A By adding A to B using the tip-to-tail method, we can see that (A) is the correct answer. 2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude of 10 in the leftward direction. Subtracting B, a vector of magnitude 2 in the rightward direction, is 【详细】
1. Which of the following vectors best represents the vector A + B?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)2. Vector A has a magnitude of 5 in the leftward direction and B has a magnitude of 2 in the rightward direction. What is the value of 2A – B?(A)12 in the leftward directi 【详细】
Dot ProductCross ProductMagnitudeDirectionX-, Y-ComponentsVector Addition 【详细】
There are two forms of vector multiplication: one results in a scalar, and one results in a vector. Dot Product The dot product, also called the scalar product, takes two vectors, “multiplies” them together, and produces a scalar. The smaller the angl 【详细】
As we have seen, vector addition and scalar multiplication can produce new vectors out of old ones. For instance, we produce the vector A + B by adding the two vectors A and B. Of course, there is nothing that makes A + B at all distinct as a vector from 【详细】
Multiplication is like repeated addition. Multiplying 4 by 3 means adding four three times: . The multiplication of a vector times a scalar works in the same way. Multiplying the vector A by the positive scalar c is equivalent to adding together c copies 【详细】
---You probably know that subtraction is the same thing as adding a negative: 8 – 5 is the same thing as 8 + (–5). The easiest way to think about vector subtraction is in terms of adding a negative vector. What’s a negative vector? It’s the same v 【详细】
There are bound to be several questions on SAT II Physics that involve vector addition, particularly in mechanics. The test doesn’t demand a very sophisticated understanding of vector addition, but it’s important that you grasp the principle. That is, 【详细】
A vector is a mathematical object possessing, and fully described by, a magnitude and a direction. It’s possible to talk about vectors simply in terms of numbers, but it’s often a lot easier to represent them graphically as arrows. The vector’s magn 【详细】
Vectors are usually the first thing youlearn in a physics class, and they’re the first thing you’ll learn here. Vectors are one of the fundamental mathematical tools the physicist uses, and one that is frequently misunderstood or misapplied by student 【详细】
All the strategies discussed above can be applied equally to SAT II Physics and SAT II Modern Hebrew. That’s why they’re called “general hints.” However, as you may have noticed, there are a number of differences between the study of physics and t 【详细】
Most of these “strategies” are common sense; many of them you already know. But we’re including them anyway because it’s amazing how a timed test can warp and mangle common sense. If you review anything in the minutes before taking the test, revie 【详细】
A machine, not a person, will score your SAT II Physics Test. The tabulating machine sees only the filled-in ovals on your answer sheet, and doesn’t care how you came to these answers; it just impassively notes if your answers are correct. A lucky guess 【详细】
There are three different levels on which your understanding of physics may be tested. While questions on kinematics often require that you make use of some of the formulas for kinematic motion, questions on quantum physics or atomic structure may often a 【详细】
SAT II Physics is a one-hour-long test composed of 75 questions and divided into two parts. You can answer questions in any order you like, though you’re less likely to accidentally leave a question out if you answer them in the order in which they appe 【详细】
Math and physics go hand in hand, right? You might be surprised, then, to learn that you aren’t allowed to use a calculator on SAT II Physics. The math required of you never goes beyond simple arithmetic and manipulation of equations. You have, on avera 【详细】
The best way to do well on SAT II Physics is to be really good at physics. For that, there is no substitute. But the physics whiz who spends the week before SAT II Physics cramming on Lagrangian mechanics and Dirac notation probably won’t fare any bette 【详细】
To register for the SAT II tests of your choice, you have to fill out some forms and pay a registration fee. We know—it’s ridiculous that you have to pay for a test that colleges require you to take in order to make their jobs easier, but, sadly, ther 【详细】
The best time to take an SAT II Subject Test is, of course, right after you’ve finished a yearlong class in that subject. If, for example, you take a physics class in tenth grade, then you should take SAT II Physics near the end of that year, when all t 【详细】
There are three types of SAT II tests: those you must take, those you should take, and those you shouldn’t take: The SAT II tests you must take are those that are required by the colleges in which you are interested.The SAT II tests you should take are 【详细】
Scaled Average Scaled AverageScaled Average80075 68043 48011 8007467042 48010 80073 67041 4709 80072 66040 4708 80071 65039 4607 80070 64038 4506 80069 64037 4505 80068 63036 4404 80067 62035 4403 80066 61034 4302 79065 61033 4301 79064 60032 4200 79063 6 【详细】
There are three different versions of your SAT II score. The “raw score” is a simple score of how you did on the test, like the grade you might receive on a normal test in school. The “percentile score” compares your raw score to all the other raw 【详细】
We’re guessing you didn’t sign up to take the SAT II just for the sheer pleasure of it. You probably want to get into college and know that the one and only reason to take this test is that colleges want or require you to do so. Colleges care about SA 【详细】
The SAT II subject tests are created and administered by the College Board and the Educational Testing Service (ETS), the two organizations responsible for the dreaded SAT I (which most people call the SAT). The SAT II Subject Tests were created to act as 【详细】
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